Cancer continues to be one of the most prevalent and feared diseases across the globe. Warnings and advice about its causes are constantly shared through media, social networks, and concerned friends or family, making it difficult to distinguish fact from fiction. While some behaviours, environmental exposures, and genetic factors are scientifically confirmed to increase cancer risk, many commonly cited triggers are actually misconceptions or myths. Misunderstanding these risks can lead to unnecessary anxiety or ineffective preventive measures. Educating oneself about evidence-based causes, risk factors, and preventive strategies is crucial.



By focusing on accurate information, individuals can make informed choices about lifestyle, screening, and health practices, ultimately supporting long-term wellbeing and cancer prevention.





Common misunderstandings about cancer risk factors







A survey conducted in the United Kingdom highlights how widespread misunderstandings about cancer are. Researchers asked over 1,300 participants to identify items and behaviours that could cause cancer. Respondents were presented with both genuine risk factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), and being overweight, as well as mythical risk factors, including stress, genetically modified foods, and cellphones.



The results revealed a significant gap in knowledge. On average, participants correctly identified only about half of the actual risk factors, while nearly 30 percent mistakenly believed that mythical factors could cause cancer. Additionally, more than a third of respondents were unsure about the risk posed by certain items. This highlights how misinformation and myths about cancer risk persist even in highly educated populations.





Understanding the origins of cancer myths







Cancer myths often originate from the abundance of conflicting health information available today. Numerous studies are published each year, and findings are sometimes misinterpreted or sensationalised in the media. For instance, research on stress, food additives, or genetically modified foods can be misrepresented, leading people to believe these factors directly cause cancer.



Lion Shahab, associate professor of health psychology at , notes that distinguishing credible scientific research from exaggerated media reports is increasingly difficult. “There is a lot of information in the modern age, and people may struggle to differentiate what is scientifically established from what is speculative or sensational,” he explains.





Why younger and educated individuals are more aware of cancer myths







The survey also uncovered patterns in knowledge based on age, education, and socioeconomic status. Younger participants tended to be more aware of what constitutes real versus mythical risk factors. This may be due to greater familiarity with digital media, social networks, and the ability to critically evaluate online information.



Similarly, respondents who were white, had higher educational attainment, and enjoyed a higher socioeconomic status were more likely to correctly identify actual cancer risk factors. Awareness of true risk factors was linked to healthier behaviours, such as eating more fruits and vegetables and avoiding smoking. Interestingly, believing in mythical causes did not significantly influence lifestyle choices, meaning that people who feared microwaves or cellphones were not necessarily avoiding them.





Commonly misunderstood cancer triggers







The following items, although commonly feared, have no evidence of causing cancer.

• Plastics in the microwave

Many people worry that heating food in plastic containers releases cancer-causing chemicals. The FDA now regulates microwave-safe plastics to ensure they are free from harmful substances such as DEHA and dioxins. Using labelled microwave-safe containers prevents any potential risk.

• Artificial sweeteners
  
  

Artificial sweeteners have been accused of causing bladder cancer and other health issues. However, research conducted by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) shows no evidence linking artificial sweeteners to cancer. While excessive intake may affect metabolic health, these compounds do not increase cancer risk.

• Cell phones

Despite concerns about radiation, cellphones are not linked to an increased risk of malignant brain tumours. Incidents of brain tumours have remained steady since cell phones became common, supporting the conclusion that they are safe in this context.

• X-rays and mammograms

Medical imaging uses radiation, but the doses involved in X-rays or mammograms are far below levels that can cause cancer. A single X-ray exposes patients to less radiation than the background exposure received in seven weeks in an office setting. Regular mammograms are also considered safe and are crucial for early detection of breast cancer.

• Hair products

Hair dyes and shampoos containing foaming agents like sodium laureth sulfate have been investigated for cancer links. Some studies suggested a potential increased risk for breast cancer in certain populations, but overall, there is no consistent evidence that hair products cause cancer. The American Cancer Society confirms there is no clear link.

• Antiperspirants and deodorants

Chemicals found in common antiperspirants and deodorants have been examined for carcinogenic potential. Research shows these products do not increase cancer risk.

• Underwire bras

Concerns about underwire bras and breast cancer have been investigated. Studies have found no difference in breast cancer incidence between women who wear underwire bras and those who do not.

• Candy canes and food colouring

Some holiday treats, like candy canes, contain titanium dioxide for white stripes and Red 40 for red stripes. These food additives are strictly regulated by the FDA and pose no cancer risk in the amounts typically consumed.








Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional for personal guidance on cancer risk, prevention, or treatment. The content reflects current scientific understanding and may change as new research emerges.