Swollen ankles are a common issue that can affect people of all ages and may develop gradually or appear quite suddenly. The swelling can range from mild puffiness to a noticeable enlargement that interferes with daily movement and comfort. In most cases, the underlying cause is either fluid retention known as oedema or inflammation linked to injury, infection or an existing medical condition. Some reasons for ankle swelling are harmless and respond well to simple remedies such as rest, elevation and reduced salt intake. However, persistent or severe swelling may indicate a more serious health concern that requires medical assessment. Understanding the cause of the swelling is essential for choosing the right treatment and preventing the problem from returning.





10 reasons your ankles are swollen





Chronic venous insufficiency



Chronic venous insufficiency is a widespread cause of ankle swelling that affects the veins in the legs. Healthy veins contain valves that guide blood upwards toward the heart. When these valves weaken or become damaged, they allow blood to flow backwards and collect in the lower legs. This pooling increases pressure in the veins and leads to fluid leaking into the surrounding tissues, causing persistent swelling. People with chronic venous insufficiency may also notice aching, heaviness and changes in the colour or texture of the skin around the ankles.







Blood clots



Blood clots can block the veins and restrict normal blood flow, which often leads to swelling in the affected limb. Deep vein thrombosis is the most serious form and requires urgent medical care because of the risk of complications. A superficial clot near the skin may also progress deeper if untreated. When a vein becomes blocked, blood cannot return easily to the heart, causing the limb to swell. Although the body may sometimes create new pathways through neighbouring veins, this does not always happen, and long term swelling known as post thrombotic syndrome may occur.







Heart failure



Heart failure reduces the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively. When blood flow slows down, pressure rises inside the veins and fluid begins to move into the surrounding tissues. This commonly leads to swelling in the ankles and legs. Heart failure can also affect kidney function, making it harder for the body to get rid of excess salt and water. This combination of poor circulation and fluid retention can make the swelling more pronounced.







Chronic kidney disease



Chronic kidney disease gradually impairs the kidneys ability to filter waste and remove extra fluid from the bloodstream. Symptoms often remain unnoticed until the condition progresses to advanced stages. When kidney function becomes severely reduced, excess fluid accumulates in the body and causes swelling, particularly in the ankles and feet. Managing fluid intake and treating the underlying kidney condition are essential steps in controlling the swelling.





Liver disease



The liver produces albumin, a protein that helps maintain proper fluid balance by keeping fluid inside the blood vessels. When liver disease lowers albumin levels, fluid can leak into the surrounding tissues and cause swelling. This may affect the legs, ankles and abdomen. Reducing swelling caused by liver disease usually involves addressing the underlying liver condition and maintaining healthy fluid levels.





Hypothyroidism



Hypothyroidism or an underactive thyroid affects the body’s metabolism and can lead to muscle stiffness, joint pain, and swelling. Low thyroid hormone levels can cause the tissues to hold on to more fluid. Research also suggests a connection between thyroid disorders and autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, which may further contribute to joint inflammation and swelling in the ankles.





Medications



Some medications list ankle swelling as a potential side effect. These include certain antidepressants, birth control pills containing oestrogen, testosterone treatments, calcium channel blockers used for blood pressure management and steroid medications. Anyone who notices swelling after starting a new medication should speak with their doctor. Adjusting the dose, switching to another medication or using treatments to reduce fluid retention may help.







Diabetes



Diabetes can damage blood vessels and impair circulation when blood sugar levels remain high for long periods. Poor circulation makes it harder for fluid to move from the lower limbs back to the heart, which can cause swelling in the ankles and feet. Persistent swelling in people with diabetes increases the risk of nerve damage and other complications, making proper diabetes management essential.







Cellulitis



Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection that causes rapid swelling, redness, warmth and tenderness. People with diabetes or weakened immunity are particularly at risk. Without proper treatment, cellulitis can spread and become life-threatening. Early medical care with antibiotics is important to prevent complications and reduce swelling.





Arthritis and Gout



Arthritis causes inflammation within the joints, which can lead to ankle swelling. Gout is a type of arthritis that results from a build up of uric acid crystals in the joints. It often causes intense pain, redness and swelling in the ankle. Rheumatoid arthritis is another form that triggers inflammation in the lining of the joints, leading to fluid accumulation and chronic swelling.







How to reduce swollen ankles

• Rest the legs and avoid standing or sitting for long periods without movement


• Elevate the legs above heart level to help fluid drain more effectively


• Reduce salt intake to prevent excess fluid retention


• Stay well hydrated to maintain proper fluid balance


• Move regularly throughout the day to support healthy circulation


• Manage blood pressure, blood sugar and other medical conditions that may contribute to swelling


• Support heart, kidney or thyroid health through medical guidance when these organs are involved


• Treat any infections promptly with appropriate medical care


• Use ice, compression or a brace if swelling is caused by an injury


• Seek medical advice if swelling is severe, sudden, painful or persistent

Disclaimer: This information is intended for general knowledge only and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider if you have concerns about swollen ankles or any symptoms that persist or worsen.








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